Sincere appreciation to the following authors and publishers:

Eli Barnavi
Historical Atlas of the Jewish People
New York: Schocken Books, 1992

James Carroll
Constantine’s Sword
New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001

Robert Chazan
Church, State and Jew in the Middle Age
Springfield, NJ: Behrman House, 1980

Edward Flannery
The Anguish of the Jews
New York: Macmillan, 1965