for the Romans.

12 BCE: EMPEROR AUGUSTUS INTERCEDES

Augustus stops Herod from putting both his sons from his first marriage on trial.

Herod executes them in 7 BCE anyway, as well as another son in 4 BCE.

And what of the Idumaeans (the Edomites)?

As if matters were not incredible enough, on the eve of the siege of Jerusalem by Titus around 69 CE, 20,000 Idumaeans appeared before Jerusalem to fight on behalf of the (Jewish) Zealots.

The Idumaeans then subsequently apparently fade out of existence in the second century CE some time after the multiple Jewish rebellions against Rome. Presumably, this fade–out of a loyal Jewish ally was not discouraged (if not actively aided and abetted) by Rome.

10 BCE: HEROD THE COMPLETER

Herod finishes adding an artificial harbor at Caesarea.

c. 10 BCE: HILLEL

Primacy of the Jewish sage Hillel (Hillel I).
Humanistic–focused Jewish sage and scholar, Hillel is one of the most important figures in Jewish history.