[b. 1812, Bonn (now Germany, then France); d, 1875
Jewish philosopher, socialist, and one of the founders of Zionism
Wrote “Rome and Jerusalem.” After his belief in the panacea of socialism waned, he came to the conclusion that anti-Semitism would not be cured by assimilation. Instead, he held that Jews should build their own nation and society in an independent Eretz Israel.